As the world races toward 6G and an ever-expanding demand for instant data access, the challenge of achieving sustainable connectivity becomes paramount. The digital era, while transformative, demands energy-intensive infrastructure that could strain global sustainability efforts. Addressing this dual challenge of connectivity and environmental responsibility, cutting-edge technologies such as reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS), high-altitude platform station (HAPS) systems, and integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) offer pathways to a greener, more inclusive digital future.
Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces represent a paradigm shift in wireless communication. By leveraging advanced meta-materials, smart algorithms, and sophisticated signal processing, RIS can dynamically alter electromagnetic waves, turning ordinary walls and surfaces into intelligent components of wireless networks. This technology optimises connectivity by enhancing capacity and coverage while reducing energy consumption. From more reliable communication in smart factories to seamless network coverage in agricultural settings, RIS technology holds the potential to revolutionise telecom infrastructure while reducing its environmental impact.
High-altitude platform station systems are another transformative innovation, combining solar power, lightweight materials, and advanced avionics to deliver connectivity from around 20 km above the Earth. These balloon, airship, or fixed-wing aircraft systems outperform terrestrial towers and satellites in coverage, particularly in remote areas. By extending internet access to over 2.6 billion people in underserved regions, HAPS systems not only foster digital inclusion but also create opportunities for education, healthcare, and economic development. Their rapid deployability further makes them indispensable during emergencies, bridging critical communication gaps when traditional infrastructure falters.
Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) merges sensing and data transmission capabilities into a single, efficient system, enabling both environmental awareness and cost reductions. By integrating sensors with wireless networks, ISAC supports localisation, environmental mapping, and infrastructure monitoring, unlocking practical applications across diverse sectors. In agriculture, ISAC can track soil moisture and weather conditions, while in urban planning, it optimises resource usage in smart grids and monitors air and water quality. These capabilities position ISAC as a cornerstone of sustainable urbanisation and environmental conservation efforts.
Together, these innovations promise a future where connectivity is not only more accessible but also more sustainable.
